This case illustrates the challenges encountered during assessment of neoplasms associated with TB and cryptococcosis. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings suggested that treatment was effective. Several months after being treated for TB, the patient was diagnosed with Cryptococcus infection and received antifungal treatment. The patient was diagnosed with tuberculous peritonitis and tuberculous pleurisy by an abdominal puncture biopsy. A male patient with no clinical evidence of immunodeficiency presented with a 3-week history of abdominal distension accompanied by oedema of recurring lower extremities. We report a patient who was co-infected with TB and cryptococcosis. mucicarmine and Alcian blue shows the cryptococcal capsule, Fontana-Manson detects the presence of melanin whereas Grocott’s methenamine silver stain of the fungal cell wall.Although the infectious diseases tuberculosis (TB) and cryptococcosis both cause formation of single or multiple nodules in immunodeficient hosts, cases of co-infection of these diseases are rarely seen. In the histopathological diagnosis of cryptococcosis, the Giemsa stain and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H/E) stains are not very useful even though other stains i.e.An immunocompromised patient with fever, headache, neck stiffens, cryptococcal antigen test positive (serum) may create a situation of a clinician for lumbar puncture (LP).Various studies conducted in Africa have reported the prevalence of detectable serum cryptococcal antigenemia between 2-21% in patients with CD4 Positive serum cryptococcal antigen test alone can not differentiate between early disease and meningitis.Manufacturers’ data claims that LFA sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) are 99.5%, 99%, 98%, and 99.7%, respectively, using serum, plasma, CSF, or urine, when compared to culture.In this line, baseline lateral flow assay (LFA) titers correlate with quantitative cultures and predict 2- and 10-week mortality. Most importantly, the CrAg test can be positive in patients who do not yet have symptoms of meningitis, which makes it the ideal test to be used for screening in those who are at the highest risk of developing cryptococcal meningitis especially among people with HIV/AIDS having CD4 1:1024). This would allow for diagnosis to occur at the point-of-care (POC) and would increase access to cryptococcal diagnostics in resource-limited settings (without advanced infrastructure). CrAg test can be performed in the following ways-Lateral flow assay (LFA), Latex agglutination test (LAT), and Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). The dipstick working on lateral flow assay is validated for use serum, plasma, CSF, or urine.

In contrast, antigen detection is highly sensitive and specific, and the results are available quickly by a simple attempt. Also, identification of organisms through a culture of Cryptococcus can take weeks to obtain a final result. Both of these methods have limited sensitivity, which means that the test is not always positive in people suffering from an infection. It has several advantages over traditional methods that are available in resource-limited areas for detecting Cryptococcus, that include microscopy (India Ink staining) and culture. Cryptococcosis is the fourth most common opportunistic infection. In brief, the cryptococcal antigen test is also called the CrAg test.

The incidence of Cryptococcosis in other parts of the world, such as Africa, is as high as 30%.

AIDS accounts for 80-90% of cryptococcal infections where Cryptococcosis occurs in 5-10% of AIDS patients in the USA. Individuals with impaired cell-mediated immune (CMI) function due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), lymphoproliferative disorders, steroid therapy, and organ transplantation is at increased risk of Cryptococcosis. grubii (serotype A) has a worldwide distribution. Fungal infection, Cryptococcosis is caused by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans (serotypes A and D), C. Introduction of Cryptococcal Antigen TestĬryptococcal antigen test is a very effective test since it can detect the infection early before it develops into life-threatening cryptococcal meningitis (Cryptococcosis).

India ink staining crytpococcois